The following article discusses use in weightlifting of the mental
preparation technique known as “autogenic training”.

Autogenic Training in the Heavy Training of Elite Weightlifters

Semuk A, Arkhangorodsky Z & Zaitsev Y

Weightlifting Yearbook 1982 (translated by Bud Charniga and available at
www.dynamic-eleiko.com)

It has been shown (AV Alexseyev, 1968, 1969, 1978; Zakharov, 1971; Filatova,
1975, 1979) that autogenic training (AT) is an important means of
restoration, a psychoprophylactic and a psychohygenic to the athlete’s body.
However, up to now few studies have investigated the effect of prophylactic
measures on the lifter’s body during training with large loads. Elite
weightlifters seldom utilize autogenic training.

The purpose of our work was to study the influence of modified (AT) on elite
weightlifters training with large loads.

Three Masters of Sport International Class (MSIC), 8 MS, and 3 candidates to
Master of Sport (CMS) in weightlifting ages 19-29 did autogenic training 2-3
times a day. They utilized the following verbal auto-suggestion scheme:

1. Introductory drills — tuning in to a state of impending rest or calm.
2. Relaxation, feeling heat and relaxation in arms, legs, pelvis, back,
stomach, chest, neck and face.
3. Regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular processes
4. Building confidence, a feeling of satisfaction and a positive attitude
towards heavy loads.
5. Mobilization and working-out of aims in the execution of the planned
training tasks.
6. Arousal.

After workouts, each athlete did autogenic training for a period of 17-21
minutes (depending upon the athlete’s individual state). Special attention
was given to the muscles which did the most work in executing the exercises.

We compared the effect of the autogenic training (AT) method in two 4-week
cycles [one cycle executed without (AT) and the other with (AT)] with
practical equivalently planned load volumes prior to two of the most
important competitions. The athletes’ trainability was approximately equal in
both periods of preparation.

The following tests were done on all the subjects before and after training
(at 1, 20, and 25 minutes) with those who were using and those who were not
using AT: heart rate (HR) – with a pulso-tachometer, palpating the radial
artery of the left wrist (70 measurements per subject); blood pressure (BP)
via the Korotkov method (56 measurements per subject); skin temperature – on
the back of the hand, in the same place with equal force using the Datchik
medical electrothermometer (70 measurements per subject); sensitivity,
activeness, mood (SAM) according to Doskin’s method (1973) (56
self-assessments).

With the usual restoration time (25 min) the indices measured did not return
to the initial levels. This is indicated by tracing the reaction in the
athletes’ body (Vinogradov, 1941; Krestovnikov, 1951; Yakovlev, 1969;
Vorobyev, 1977; Volkov, 1977).

It is obvious from the table (not shown here) that heart rate returns to the
initial level by the 25th minute when AT was utilized and is 12 beats above
this level when AT was not used. No significant difference was discovered in
maximal (BP) after relaxation with AT or without use of AT. The minimal BP
value after AT decreased to the initial level and was 4.3 mm of mercury
higher without it. Skin temperature was higher than the initial level with or
without AT. At 20 minutes heart rate was lower than initial levels with AT
and averaged 68.7 ± 1.7 beats/min and was 92.4 ± 2.2 without AT. Skin
temperature with AT was 35.7 ± 0.5 deg C and without it, 33.0 ± 0.60 deg C.

Based upon the data obtained it can be assumed that the restoration processes
in the athletes’ body is strengthened with the use of autogenic training

Sensitivity, activeness and mood significantly improved after workouts when
AT was utilized. Restoration of heart rate and minimal BP occurs faster after
resting with AT. It should also be noted that the training load executed with
the use of autogenic training was 11% larger than the one without it.

The effectiveness of our modified autogenic training is indicative of the
appropriateness of its use in the contemporary training process.

Dr Mel Siff
Denver, USA
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Supertraining/

When Serge Reding and I discussed the possible mechanisms for strengthening
by means of electrostimulation training about 30 years ago, we both felt that
the process may have to do with enhancing the ability of the athlete to
tolerate high levels of muscle tension if the ES is applied with progressions
to very high levels of activation. The following paper offers some
corroborating evidence in this regard.

——–

Improvement in isometric strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle after
training with electrical stimulation.

Selkowitz DM

Phys Ther 1985 Feb; 65(2): 186-96

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if training isometrically
with electrical stimulation (ES) alone would significantly increase isometric
strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

The relationships between the strength changes and the relative force and
duration of training contractions were also studied. An experimental group
(Group 1) and a control group (Group 2), 12 subjects in each, underwent
pretesting and posttesting to obtain their maximum voluntary isometric
contractions (MVICs). Group 1 trained with maximally tolerable isometric
contractions induced by ES, three days a week for four weeks.

Results showed that although both groups demonstrated increases in isometric
strength of their quadriceps femoris muscles, training isometrically with ES
produced a significantly greater increase than not training with ES. The
relative strength improvement in Group 1 was positively and significantly
correlated with training-contraction intensity and duration.

The relative increase in isometric strength, using only ES, may be determined
by the ability of the subjects to tolerate longer and more forceful
contractions. Suggestions for further research and implications for the
clinical use of ES for strength-training are discussed.

Dr Mel Siff
Denver, USA
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Supertraining/

During our most recent Supertraining Camp, I showed delegates some drills
that may be used for strength, metabolic, agility and “plyometric” training
on the treadmill. Some of these drills involved backward walking and
running, as well as quick changes from forward to backward walking on the
treadmill (take care if you have never tried this before). The following
paper examined some of the benefits of backward running:

—————–

Mechanical Power and Muscle Action during Forward and Backward Running

Flynn, TW & Soutas-Little RW

JOSPT; 17(2), Feb 1993, 108-112

Recently, there has been increasing interest in using backward running (BR)
as an exercise and rehabilitation tool. To date, no study has been performed
that combined electromyography (EMG) and joint kinetics to study BR. The
purpose of this study was to compare selected EMG and kinetic parameters in
the stance phase of forward running (FR) and backward running (BR).

The sagittal plane of the right knee was analyzed during three trials of FR
and BR in six male subjects. Four 60-Hz video cameras collected motion data,
and a link segment model of the right lower extremity was established. Force
plate and EMG data were collected at 1000 Hz and synchronized with the video
data. The knee muscle peak (plus) and peak (minus) mechanical power and total
(plus) and total (minus) mechanical work were calculated. Electromyography
signals were captured from the right lower extremity on the rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and
tibialis anterior muscles.

Statistical analysis indicated that significantly less peak (plus) and
(minus) power and total (plus) work occurred at the knee during BR than
during FR. Significant differences in muscle firing patterns between
conditions were observed. Muscle action of the vastus lateralis (VL) and
vastus medialis oblique (VMO) was largely eccentric and concentric during FR
and isometric and concentric during BR.

Backward running appears to be a good method for achieving isometric and
concentric muscle action of the VMO and VL and may be useful in clinical
conditions that require an increase in knee extensor strength.

Dr Mel Siff
Denver, USA
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Supertraining/

We periodically have discussed on this list the possible role of hypnosis and
self-hypnosis in human performance and managing pain. The following website
gives some useful information on this subject. Some of the clinical
hypnotists on our list may like to add their comments.

Here are some excerpts:

——————-

The Truth and Hype of Hypnosis

< http://www.sciam.com/2001/0701issue/0701nash.html>

Though often denigrated as fakery or wishful thinking, hypnosis has been
shown to be a real phenomenon
with a variety of therapeutic uses — especially in controlling pain

……. is hypnosis a real phenomenon? If so, what is it useful for? Over the
past few years, researchers have found that hypnotized individuals actively
respond to suggestions even though they sometimes perceive the dramatic
changes in thought and behavior they experience as happening “by themselves.”
During hypnosis, it is as though the brain temporarily suspends its attempts
to authenticate incoming sensory information. Some people are more
hypnotizable than others, although scientists still don’t know why.
Nevertheless, hypnosis is finding medical uses in controlling chronic pain,
in countering anxiety and even–in combination with
conventional operating-room procedures–in helping patients to recover more
quickly from outpatient surgery….

What Hypnosis Is

…….. researchers with very different theoretical perspectives now agree
on several fundamental principles of hypnosis. The first is that a person’s
ability to respond to hypnosis is remarkably stable during adulthood…..
Studies have shown that an individual’s Stanford score remains as consistent
over time as his or her IQ score–if not more so. In addition, evidence
indicates that hypnotic responsiveness may have a hereditary component:
identical twins are more likely than same-sex fraternal twins to have similar
Stanford scores.

A person’s responsiveness to hypnosis also remains fairly consistent
regardless of the characteristics of the hypnotist: the practitioner’s
gender, age and experience have little or no effect on a subject’s ability to
be hypnotized. Similarly, the success of hypnosis does not depend on whether
a subject is highly motivated or especially willing. A very responsive
subject will become hypnotized under a variety of experimental conditions and
therapeutic settings, whereas a less susceptible person will not, despite his
or her sincere efforts. (Negative attitudes and expectations can, however,
interfere with hypnosis.)

Several studies have also shown that hypnotizability is unrelated to
personality characteristics such as gullibility, hysteria, psychopathology,
trust, aggressiveness, submissiveness, imagination or social compliance. The
trait has, however, been linked tantalizingly with an individual’s ability to
become absorbed in activities such as reading, listening to music or
daydreaming.

Under hypnosis, subjects do not behave as passive automatons but instead are
active problem solvers who incorporate their moral and cultural ideas into
their behavior while remaining exquisitely responsive to the expectations
expressed by the experimenter. Nevertheless, the subject does not experience
hypnotically suggested behavior as something that is actively achieved. To
the contrary, it is typically deemed as effortless–as something that just
happens. People who have been hypnotized often say things like “My hand
became heavy and moved down by itself” or “Suddenly I found myself feeling no
pain.”

Many researchers now believe that these types of disconnections are at the
heart of hypnosis. In response to suggestion, subjects make movements without
conscious intent, fail to detect exceedingly painful stimulation or
temporarily forget a familiar fact. Of course, these kinds of things also
happen outside hypnosis–occasionally in day-to-day life and more
dramatically in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations,
compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in
the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a controlled
environment…

What Hypnosis Isn’t

As scientists discover more about hypnosis, they are also uncovering evidence
that counters some of the skepticism about the technique. One such objection
is that hypnosis is simply a matter of having an especially vivid
imagination. In fact, this does not seem to be the case. Many imaginative
people are not good hypnotic subjects, and no relation between the two
abilities has surfaced….

In 1998 Henry Szechtman of McMaster University in Ontario and his co-workers
used PET to image the brain activity of hypnotized subjects who were invited
to imagine a scenario and who then experienced a hallucination. The
researchers noted that an auditory hallucination and the act of imagining a
sound are both self-generated and that, like real hearing, a hallucination is
experienced as coming from an external source. By monitoring regional blood
flow in areas activated during both hearing and auditory hallucination but
not during simple imagining, the investigators sought to determine where in
the brain a hallucinated sound is mistakenly “tagged” as authentic and
originating in the outside world.

Szechtman and his colleagues imaged the brain activity of eight very
hypnotizable subjects who had been prescreened for their ability to
hallucinate under hypnosis. During the session, the subjects were under
hypnosis and lay in the PET scanner with their eyes covered. Their brain
activity was monitored under four conditions: at rest; while hearing an
audiotape of a voice saying, “The man did not speak often, but when he did,
it was worth hearing what he had to say”; while imagining hearing the voice
again; and during the auditory hallucination they experienced after being
told that the tape was playing once more, although it was not.

The tests showed that a region of the brain called the right anterior
cingulate cortex was just as active while the volunteers were hallucinating
as it was while they were actually hearing the stimulus. In contrast, that
brain area was not active while the subjects were imagining that they heard
the stimulus. Somehow hypnosis had tricked this area of the brain into
registering the hallucinated voice as real.

Another objection raised by critics of hypnosis concerns its ability to blunt
pain. Skeptics have argued that this effect results from either simple
relaxation or a placebo response. But a number of experiments have ruled out
these explanations. In a classic 1969 report, Thomas H. McGlashan and his
colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania found that for poorly
hypnotizable people, hypnosis was as effective in reducing pain as a sugar
pill that the subjects had been told was a powerful painkiller. But highly
hypnotizable subjects benefited three times more from hypnosis than from the
placebo. In another study, in 1976, Hilgard and Stanford colleague Éva I.
Bányai observed that subjects who were vigorously riding stationary bicycles
were just as responsive to hypnotic suggestions as when they were hypnotized
in a relaxing setting.

In 1997 Pierre Rainville of the University of Montreal and his colleagues set
out to determine which brain structures are involved in pain relief during
hypnosis. They attempted to locate the brain structures associated with the
suffering component of pain, as distinct from its sensory aspects. Using PET,
the scientists found that hypnosis reduced the activity of the anterior
cingulate cortex — an area known to be involved in pain — but did not
affect the activity of the somatosensory cortex, where the sensations of pain
are processed.

Despite these findings, however, the mechanisms underlying hypnotic pain
relief are still poorly understood. The model favored by most researchers is
that the analgesic effect of hypnosis occurs in higher brain centers than
those involved in registering the painful sensation. This would account for
the fact that most autonomic responses that routinely accompany pain — such
as increased heart rate — are relatively unaffected by hypnotic suggestions
of analgesia. ….

Hypnosis and Memory

Perhaps nowhere has hypnosis engendered more controversy than over the issue
of “recovered” memory. Cognitive science has established that people are
fairly adept at discerning whether an event actually occurred or whether they
only imagined it. But under some circumstances, we falter. We can come to
believe (or can be led to believe) that something happened to us when, in
fact, it did not. One of the key cues humans appear to use in making the
distinction between reality and imagination is the experience of effort.
Apparently, at the time of encoding a memory, a “tag” cues us as to the
amount of effort we expended: if the event is tagged as having involved a
good deal of mental effort on our part, we tend to interpret it as something
we imagined. If it is tagged as having involved relatively little mental
effort, we tend to interpret it as something that actually happened to us.
Given that the calling card of hypnosis is precisely the feeling of
effortlessness, we can see why hypnotized people can so easily mistake an
imagined past event for something that happened long ago. Hence, something
that is merely imagined can become ingrained as an episode in our life story.

A host of studies verify this effect. Readily hypnotized subjects, for
instance, can routinely be led to produce detailed and dramatic accounts of
their first few months of life even though those events did not in fact occur
and even though adults simply do not have the capacity to remember early
infancy. Similarly, when given suggestions to regress to childhood, highly
hypnotizable subjects behave in a roughly childlike manner, are often quite
emotional and may later insist that they were genuinely reliving childhood.
But research confirms that these responses are in no way authentically
childlike–not in speech, behavior, emotion, perception, vocabulary or
thought patterns. These performances are no more childlike than those of
adults playacting as children. In short, nothing about hypnosis enables a
subject to transcend the fundamental nature and limitations of human memory.
It does not allow someone to exhume memories that are decades old or to
retrace or undo human development.

What It’s Good For

So what are the medical benefits of hypnosis? A 1996 National Institutes of
Health technology assessment panel judged hypnosis to be an effective
intervention for alleviating pain from cancer and other chronic conditions.
Voluminous clinical studies also indicate that hypnosis can reduce the acute
pain experienced by patients undergoing burn-wound debridement, children
enduring bone marrow aspirations and women in labor. A meta-analysis
published in a recent special issue of the International Journal of Clinical
and Experimental Hypnosis, for example, found that hypnotic suggestions
relieved the pain of 75% of 933 subjects participating in 27 different
experiments. The pain-relieving effect of hypnosis is often substantial, and
in a few cases the degree of relief matches or exceeds that provided by
morphine…

Hypnosis can boost the effectiveness of psychotherapy for some conditions.
Another meta-analysis that examined the outcomes of people in 18 separate
studies found that patients who received cognitive behavioral therapy plus
hypnosis for disorders such as obesity, insomnia, anxiety and hypertension
showed greater improvement than 70 percent of the patients who received
psychotherapy alone. After publication of these findings, a task force of the
American Psychological Association validated hypnosis as an adjunct procedure
for the treatment of obesity. But the jury is still out on other disorders
with a behavioral component. Drug addiction and alcoholism do not respond
well to hypnosis, and the evidence for hypnosis as an aid in quitting smoking
is equivocal.

That said, there is strong, but not yet definitive, evidence that hypnosis
can be an effective component in the broader treatment of other conditions.
Listed in rough order of tractability by hypnosis, these include a subgroup
of asthmas; some dermatological disorders, including warts; irritable bowel
syndrome; hemophilia; and nausea associated with chemotherapy. The mechanism
by which hypnosis alleviates these disorders is unknown, and claims that
hypnosis increases immune function in any clinically important way are at
this time unsubstantiated….

————

The following website offers a great deal of information on the history,
applications and theories of hypnosis:

<http://www.institute-shot.com/hypnosis_and_health.htm>

————–

Dr Mel  Siff

Here are a few articles summarising research findings on Alzheimer’s disease:

<http://www.ananova.com/>

The first news item suggests that a substance implicated in the complex web
of causation of heart disease may also be involved in the development of
Alzheimer’s disease.

——————

American scientists find Alzheimer’s link

American scientists have discovered a link between Alzheimer’s disease and a
common substance found in the bloodstream.

The discovery that people with high blood levels of an amino acid called
homocysteine are at a greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s could lead to a
test to identify people most likely to become sufferers. The team of
scientists from Boston University and Tufts University said they could not
show homocysteine is a cause of Alzheimer’s.

The discovery could lead to research to develop a test to find people most at
risk of developing Alzheimer’s, and to advise them on taking steps to reduce
the risk. Homocysteine is a by-product of a normal diet, but its levels are
highest in people whose diet is dominated by meat and lacks fruit and leafy
vegetables.

Scientists say it’s too early to assume that giving people vitamin
supplements would be enough to prevent Alzheimer’s developing. Dr Sudha
Seshardi, a neurologist at Boston University who led the study, said the
study reinforced the need to eat a balanced diet with fruit and vegetables.

The study took eight years and followed 1,092 people aged between 68 and 97
who did not initially have Alzheimer’s, finding that 83 developed the disease.

It found that those who had a level of homocysteine higher than 14 micromoles
per litre of blood had twice the risk of developing the disease.

————–

Other research has suggested that keeping oneself very mentally exercised may
help in reducing the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Crossword puzzles could stave off Alzheimer’s disease

Scientists have found puzzling over a cryptic crossword or reading a
newspaper may help stave off mental decline in the elderly. An American study
of 800 Catholic nuns, priests and monks found that “frequent participation in
cognitively stimulating activities is associated with reduced risk of
Alzheimer’s disease”.

Alzheimer’s is the most common form of senile dementia, causing progressive
memory loss and confusion.

The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association,
followed the group for about four-and-a-half years and rated their level of
cognitive activity. None had dementia at the start…..

—————–

Testosterone could be used as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers who tested the male hormone on rats believe the treatment might
work on humans. They say it prevents a key brain abnormality linked with the
disease.

The treatment was designed by Sozos Papasozomenos and Alikunju Shanavas at
the University of Texas-Houston Medical School, reports New Scientist.

They found testosterone blocks a process called tau hyperphosphorylation
which creates so-called tau tangles.
These bundles of protein are associated with the brains of Alzheimer’s
patients. Oestrogen combined with testosterone – but not oestrogen alone -
also blocked their formation.

The new work suggests maintaining normal levels of testosterone in ageing
men, and adding testosterone to oestrogen supplements for post-menopausal
women, could help reduce the disease risk.

Dr Mel Siff
Denver, USA
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Supertraining/

————————

There are regular comments about why so many folk manage to be taken in by
self-appointed fitness and health gurus who make a fortune out of selling
dubious ideas and devices, despite lack of scientific validity or honest
disclosure of their limitations or qualifications.

However, we all know by now that making money, grasping power or achieving
fame frequently have nothing to do with correctness, morals, etiquette,
education, honesty or any other such qualities that exemplify the ideal or
well-qualified human.

If we examine history, we can wonder equally well how so many dictators,
despots, entrepreneurs, politicians and religious leaders ever managed to
become as influential and powerful as they did. In fact, the frequently
quoted maxim of big business today is do anything you like to achieve
success, but don’t get caught doing what you shouldn’t be doing!

On the other hand, history has produced some wonderful examples of the most
saintly and exemplary people from all walks of life.

So what did all of these heroes and anti-heroes (like Hitler, Stalin, Caesar,
Genghis Khan, Idi Amin and so on) have in common? Superficially, it would
appear as if the answer to this question is “nothing”. However, it is not
too difficult to conclude that they all had highly effective powers of
persuasion, propaganda and mass communication.

Interestingly, the evolution of modern marketing and advertising techniques
had a lot to do with the American experts who were called upon to counter the
massive onslaught of the Nazi propaganda machine led by Josef Goebbels and
his henchmen appointed by Hitler to sell Nazi philosophy via all the mass
means at their disposal. The Nazis were very familiar with the ancient
Grecian methods of rhetoric, logic and persuasion, so they set about adapting
and applying it to achieve their own nefarious ends.

Hitler is even credited with saying: “If you say something often enough and
loud enough, people will begin to believe you.” And that is precisely what
happened in Germany. He made great efforts to orchestrate those horrendously
successful mass rallies and overpowering speeches surrounded by all the
symbols, stages and sounds of persuasive communication, as you will have seen
on movies of the last War.

Thank goodness for the civilised world, American experts and others like
Winston Churchill developed their own very powerful counter-propaganda
machine.

Some examples of these methods of wartime persuasion may be seen on the
following website:

<http://www.nara.gov/exhall/powers/powers.html >

Today, techniques of persuasion that evolved from the ancient Greeks and
propaganda methods from World War II are used to market ideas, courses,
religions and products with an unprecedented degree of success, largely
because the mass media now reach the outermost edges of what McLuhan called
the ‘Global Village’ in a way that few people ever imagined was possible.

The following websites give information on techniques of persuasion and
marketing:

<http://www.pertinent.com/pertinfo/business/persuasion/index.html>
<http://www.dcd.net/NBP/persuasn.html >
<http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=05CCD000 > (Marketing)

See if you recognise any techniques being used by fitness, health and food
supplement gurus and entrepreneurs and learn how to immunise yourself against
them by applying the information in the above website and the following one
on recognising tricks and fallacies of argumentation:

< http://shell.rmi.net/~mhartwig/falla.htm >

In the realm of practical training, Ch 3 of “Facts & Fallacies of Fitness”
(Siff M C) summarises the major methods of persuasion, while later chapters
apply this information to help one distinguish sense from nonsense and fact
from fallacy in the lucrative world of general and sports training, as well
as in the mass market of medical and alternative therapy.

Who was it who said that you cannot fool all of the people all of the time?
A quick look around the world of fitness, health and nutrition reveals to us
that competent persuaders can fool most of the people most of the time!

Mel Siff

<< Just wondering if anyone knew anything about this, using EEG to measure
brain activity and help a person, enter ‘the zone’ (that’s the mental one not
the diet one!!) and whether you need this expensive machinery to do this? >>

*** During my MSc days when I was researching the role of mathematical
modelling of the EEG, I came into contact with some interesting folk working
in this field and I ended up using various signal generators from our
electrical engineering laboratory at my former university in S Africa to
“entrain” my brain rhythms to the frequency of the various dominant brain
rhythms (delta, theta, alpha and beta).

Some interesting changes in mental state occurred that were similar to the
deep relaxation state induced by methods such as Jacobsen’s progressive
relaxation, raj yoga, hatha yoga and similar strategies for manipulating
consciousness. Other patterns of externally applied small currents
(microamps) induced sleep and recovery from stress. Dr Robert Becker did a
considerable amount of research into electroanalgesia and electronarcosis via
the use of (mainly DC) electrical fields across the brain. Some of his work
appears in popularised form in his book “The Body Electric”.

Later I came across commercial devices being sold to facilitate entrainment
of ‘desirable’ brain rhythms, such as HemiSync, Alpha Stim and
ElectroAcuscope. Later a few companies combined these devices with sound
generators (through headphones) to further enhance the entrainment process.
The following book gives a most readable account of such devices: Michael
Hutchison “MegaBrain”. You will also find intriguing snippets of information
in Ostrander & Schröder’s books “Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain”
and “Superlearning”.

Another source of information on entering the psychological “Zone” appears in
the recent edition of the Online Athletic Insight journal on the following
website:

http://www.athleticinsight.com/ZoneIssueFrame1Source1_1.htm

Spontaneous entries into the Mind Zone are recounted in Murphy & White, “The
Psychic Side of Sports”.

Enjoy entering that Zone, David.

Dr Mel C Siff